Lightning Link online pokies in Australia in 2026
Pokies are part of Australian life in a way that the country’s share of the world’s population does not suggest. In 2020-21 Australians bet close to A$150 billion through gaming machines and lost A$12.18 billion on them, on a stock of pub and club machines that sits at roughly three per cent of the global total in a country of 0.3 per cent of the world’s people. That is the ground Lightning Link sits on — Aristocrat’s hold-and-spin cabinet format, branded under multiple themes (Happy Lantern, Magic Pearl, Heart Throb, Sahara Gold, and the rest of the line), and one of the most-played machines on club floors in several states. The single question a search for Lightning Link online pokies in Australia keeps coming back to is whether the same game can be played over the internet, and the answer the law gives is short: the land-based format is licensed state by state; the online version is not licensed at all.

This page works through that gap rather than around it. The hold-and-spin mechanic that defines Lightning Link is described first, because every promo code, app listing or affiliate page that uses the name borrows from it. The mobile angle — apps, social casino skins, “free Lightning Link” downloads — sits next, because it is where most Australians first meet the format outside a venue. The legality frame that the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 sets is its own section, because no comparison of online pokies sites can stand on its own terms while the offering itself is prohibited. The ACMA record of brands warned for serving Australian customers is the comparison table that follows. A responsible-gaming section, a bonuses and free-spins section, and a ranked review of the eleven named operators close the body, and an FAQ gathers the questions the material raises.
Current as of 29 October 2026. Licences and ACMA enforcement actions cross-checked against the Australian Communications and Media Authority’s published register.
Table of Contents
- The hold-and-spin mechanic that every Lightning Link theme shares
- Mobile apps and “Lightning Link casino” listings
- Why no online casino is licensed in Australia for Lightning Link or anything else
- The ACMA record: every brand formally warned
- Responsible gambling on a game built to extend sessions
- Bonuses, free spins and promo codes under the Lightning Link name
- The eleven named operators
- Why the comparison stops being a comparison at the licensing line
- What an Australian reader’s options actually look like
- Frequently asked questions about Lightning Link online pokies in Australia
The hold-and-spin mechanic that every Lightning Link theme shares
Lightning Link is not one game. It is a cabinet platform with several themed reel sets — Happy Lantern, Magic Pearl, Sahara Gold, Heart Throb, Bengal Treasures, High Roller, and others — each with its own art and bonus naming but built around the same central feature. The reel set, the bonus round and the jackpot tiers are the same engine with a different skin. That is why a “Lightning Link happy lantern slot” and a “Lightning Link magic pearl bonus” feel like cousins rather than strangers: they share their mathematics.

The base game is a five-reel, fifty-line video slot with stacked symbols and a free-spins feature, but the round that defines the brand is the hold-and-spin bonus. Six or more bonus symbols — usually pearl, lantern, gold coin or diamond icons, depending on the theme — landing anywhere on the reels trigger it. The triggering symbols lock in place, three re-spins are awarded, and the bonus ends when three consecutive spins produce no new symbol. Every additional bonus symbol that lands during the feature resets the re-spin counter to three, which is the structural hook: the bonus is built to keep running as long as another pearl keeps dropping, and to end abruptly when the reels go quiet.
The fixed jackpots on offer in most themes are four — Mini, Minor, Major and Grand — and the Grand often seeds at a figure that varies by venue and jurisdiction. A Grand symbol landing on every one of the fifteen bonus positions during the feature pays the Grand. The Mini and Minor prizes are usually fixed amounts; the Major and Grand tend to be the progressive-style figures that move with play, though how those pools are funded depends on the cabinet’s configuration and the venue’s settings rather than on the online page describing it. Lightning Link’s house edge is set by Aristocrat for each jurisdiction; the relevant fact for an Australian player is the venue’s published return-to-player, not a figure attached to a specific reel set.
The mechanic is built to extend a session. Re-spins that reset on every new symbol turn a five-second feature into a long one when the symbols keep coming, and the visual escalation as more positions lock in is a deliberate piece of feedback design. That is also why Lightning Link is a fixed presence in the responsible-gambling literature on Australian machines: the hold-and-spin feature is exactly the kind of mechanic a time limit is meant to interrupt.
Mobile apps and “Lightning Link casino” listings
Search traffic for Lightning Link online pokies in Australia is mobile-heavy. The goal of these searches is to put the cabinet game on a phone. Most of what that search returns is not the game.

Aristocrat’s official Lightning Link product is a cabinet, licensed for venue floors. An app on a phone that uses the Lightning Link trademark without Aristocrat’s authorisation is, at best, a social casino skin using the name as a draw, and at worst a real-money offshore casino dressing up as a familiar brand. The product cannot be lawfully licensed for online play in Australia at all, so the legal status of an “app” claiming to offer it is the same as the legal status of a desktop site offering the same thing: prohibited, and unenforced against the individual player rather than the operator.
A social casino version of Lightning Link exists in app stores under Aristocrat’s own branding, plays with credits rather than cash, and has no payout function. It is the closest legal answer to “Lightning Link on my phone” that an Australian resident can install. Anything labelled a Lightning Link casino app that takes a deposit, offers a real-money bonus, or advertises a withdrawal function falls outside that category and sits inside the prohibited service the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 defines.
The “Lightning Link happy lantern slot” naming is worth a separate note because it is the theme most often borrowed by imitators. Happy Lantern is one of the cabinet themes, and the lantern icon — a red paper lantern with a gold tassel — is one of the more recognisable motifs on Australian club floors. A free-play social app using the lantern icon and the Lightning Link name in its store listing is not the licensed product; it is an attribution the search engine indexes as if it were. Treating those listings as evidence of an online Lightning Link is the trap the search results page sets, and the licensing frame is the only thing that breaks it.
Why no online casino is licensed in Australia for Lightning Link or anything else
Australia’s online gambling regime is narrower than the one most other regulated markets run. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001, strengthened by the Interactive Gambling Amendment Act 2017, makes it an offence to provide online casino games, online pokies or in-play betting to a person in Australia. No state or territory licenses online casino games. What is licensable is wagering on races and sport placed before the event, lotteries, and keno — in practice licensed by the Northern Territory through the Northern Territory Racing and Wagering Commission, which regulates 52 of Australia’s online bookmakers, including the bigger names, but has no full-time staff of its own and meets once a month in Darwin.
That is why “lightning link online pokies australia 2026” reads like a contradiction in the search bar: an Australian resident cannot lawfully be served Lightning Link pokies online, and any operator claiming to do so is offering a prohibited service. The provider is the target of the law, not the player — the IGA’s offence provision runs against the operator, not the punter. The practical consequence for the punter is different: an offshore casino carries no Australian consumer protection, no local complaints body, and no recourse if a withdrawal stalls or a bonus is voided. The site can also be blocked at the internet service provider level with the punter’s balance still sitting on it.
The minimum age for any form of gambling in Australia is 18. Credit cards, credit-related products and digital currency are banned as a deposit method for licensed online wagering since 11 June 2024 — the route in for legal wagering is debit card, bank transfer, PayID/Osko and BPAY. A site that asks for a credit card or a crypto deposit from an Australian account is operating outside the Australian rules.
The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Gambling Reform) Bill 2026 passed Parliament on 19 August 2026, and its advertising and inducement measures commence on 1 January 2027. The reform is law with a start date, not yet in force on a 2026 page. Its thrust is tightening inducements — bonus offers, “free” bets, sign-up credit — at licensed wagering operators. It does not legalise online casino, and it does not change the prohibition on Lightning Link-style pokies offered over the internet to an Australian resident.
The ACMA record: every brand formally warned
The Australian Communications and Media Authority is the body that investigates and acts against prohibited services. The instrument it uses most often is a formal warning — published on the ACMA site, addressed to a named operator, identifying the brand and the URL, and setting out the prohibited activity it is offering. A formal warning is the public face of an investigation that may have been running for months before the warning is issued, and the operator is expected to take the service off the Australian market. Continued offering is what triggers blocking directions to internet service providers.
The table below is the eleven brands the ACMA itself has named in formal warnings. It is not a ranking and not a recommendation — every one of them sits inside the prohibited service category. The order matches the ACMA’s most recent action against each operator, oldest first.
| Brand | ACMA action and date | Operator named by the ACMA | Subject support |
|---|---|---|---|
| RocketPlay | March 2026 | Pulsup Ltd (the operator’s site) | — |
| Level Up Casino | May 2022 | Dama N.V. | listings only on Baccarat (third-party) |
| Woo Casino | March 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| Spirit Casino | May 2025 | Dama N.V. | — |
| National Casino | July 2025 | Consolutetish S.R.L. | listings only on en.wikipedia.org |
| Bizzo Casino | July 2025 (earlier 2022) | Consolutetish S.R.L.; earlier TechSolutions | — |
| Ignition Casino | July 2025 | Bamboo Media | — |
| Instant Casino | February 2025 | EOD Code SRL | — |
| Jackbit | April 2026 | Ryker B.V. | — |
| Casino Intense | April 2025 | Sterplay Holding Ltd | listings only (ABC, acma.gov.au, Crown Melbourne) |
| Sky Crown | September 2022 | Hollycorn N.V. | — |
The “subject support” column records whether research could match the brand to the Lightning Link/pokies subject on a third-party listing rather than on the operator’s own material. A dash means research found nothing tying the brand to Lightning Link or to online pokies specifically; the warning is for offering prohibited casino games more broadly. The handful of brands that do appear in third-party listings appear as a category entry on an aggregator or a generic page rather than as a licensed Lightning Link host — none of them publishes a Lightning Link title in a way an Australian-licensed venue would.
The pattern in the table is operator rather than brand. Dama N.V. turns up four times across the list — Level Up, Woo Casino, Spirit Casino, and the original RocketPlay warning from May 2022 — which describes a parent company running several skins rather than four independent operators. Consolutetish S.R.L. accounts for two adjacent brands (National Casino and Bizzo Casino), and the 2022 warning over Bizzo was addressed to a different holding company (TechSolutions Group), which is the tell that the brand changed hands under the same warning pattern. ACMA enforcement is published against the operator name it can attach to the service, and re-warning the same operator under a new skin takes a separate investigation each time.
Responsible gambling on a game built to extend sessions
The hold-and-spin mechanic is the structural feature that makes Lightning Link a frequent reference in the Australian responsible-gambling conversation. A bonus that resets its counter on every new symbol is built to keep the reels in motion as long as anything is dropping, and the feedback loop between locked positions and remaining re-spins is part of why the format performs strongly on venue floors. The natural counterweight is not a prompt inside the cabinet — the machine has no way to know whose session it is interrupting — but a fixed time limit set by the player before the session starts.
BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, has been live since August 2023. It binds Australian-licensed online and phone wagering services, which means it covers the licensed bookmakers the NTRWC regulates, but it does not reach an offshore casino. Excluding from BetStop blocks the punter from licensed wagering accounts; it does not block an offshore pokies site, and it does not block a venue-floor poker machine. The register is the Australian answer to the Australian-licensed side of online gambling; the offshore side sits outside it.
The National Gambling Helpline is 1800 858 858, free, 24/7, with chat available through Gambling Help Online. Both are points of contact that work whether the gambling in question is venue-floor pokies, licensed online wagering, or an offshore site. Tasmania planned a nation-leading mandatory pre-commitment card system for its poker machines, but implementation of the reform was delayed until late 2025 — a venue-floor measure that does not change the online picture.
The practical reading for an Australian weighing Lightning Link is that the game itself is licensed at the venue, the responsible-gambling tools are designed for the venue and for licensed online wagering, and the offshore site offering the format over the internet sits in the gap between them. Treating a hold-and-spin session on a phone as the same product as a session on a venue floor, with the same protections, is the misreading the gap invites.
Bonuses, free spins and promo codes under the Lightning Link name
A “Lightning Link casino bonus” is a marketing phrase that lives on affiliate pages and on the promotional side of the offshore sites the ACMA has warned. The bonus structure it attaches to is one an Australian reader should read carefully regardless of the brand: a deposit match with a wagering multiple, free spins on a named title, and a max-cashout cap are the standard cluster. The Lightning Link branding on the offer is cosmetic. The math is the operator’s.
“Lightning link casino promo code” is the affiliate-side version of the same product. A promo code is a token that unlocks the offer the affiliate describes; the bonus it delivers is the same bonus the site would offer directly, with the same wagering requirement. The promotional wrapper does not change the underlying offer’s cost. A bonus with a 40-times wagering multiple on the bonus amount is a bonus that asks for forty times the bonus in turnover before a withdrawal, and a free-spins package with a cap on withdrawable winnings caps the win before the wagering is done.
Hold-and-spin’s economics inside that structure are what they are on the cabinet: a feature that runs longer than the player expects, pays out less than the symbols suggest, and ends abruptly. Wrapping that feature in a bonus with a wagering requirement does not improve the per-spin return; it adds a turnover obligation on top of it. The marketing word for the offer — “boost”, “reward”, “package” — describes nothing the calculation does not.
A calculation on a representative bonus makes the point without needing the brand name attached. Required turnover on a A$100 bonus with a 40-times wagering multiple is A$4,000 of slot play. At a A$1 stake per spin that is 4,000 spins. At a five-second interval that is roughly 5.6 hours of continuous play. The expected loss on A$4,000 of turnover at a 94 per cent return-to-player — close to the floor for many Lightning Link-style games — is A$240, more than twice the bonus itself. The bonus pays out a positive expected value only when the wagering multiple is well below the implied return on the game, which is rarely the case for the holds-and-spins format. The conclusion from the calculation is the marketing word’s opposite: the offer’s cost is in the wagering, and the cost sits well above the headline.
The calculation is a statistical estimate. It averages the outcome of a long session at the stated assumptions — bonus amount wagered, fixed stake, fixed return-to-player — and it does not promise any individual outcome. The same offer, with the same math, can produce a payout that exceeds the bonus or a payout that does not cover it. What it does describe, with reasonable confidence, is the average session length required to clear the wagering and the average cost of doing so.
The eleven named operators
Each of these is a brand the ACMA itself has named in a formal warning. They are described as the ACMA’s record describes them, not as places to play. The order follows the table.
RocketPlay
The ACMA issued a formal warning over Rocketplay.com.au in March 2026 to Pulsup Ltd, and an earlier May 2022 warning to Dama N.V. covered Rocketplay among six brands. The site offers a prohibited service to Australian residents regardless of what licence it displays in its footer; the warning is on record for that reason. Nothing in the public record attaches RocketPlay to Lightning Link specifically.
The brand is one to know the name of, not to use: a punter with a balance on a site the ACMA has warned is on a site that can be blocked at the ISP level with that balance still sitting on it.
Level Up Casino
Level Up was among the six Dama N.V. brands warned in May 2022. The Dama N.V. record accumulates through the table — the same holding company resurfaces under new skins. A Dama N.V. brand in 2022 is, on the ACMA’s view, the same operator under a new name later.
Level Up is a “listings-only” entry for the subject: third-party directories that reference the brand have done so as a category listing, not because the operator publishes a Lightning Link title. The warning stands regardless.
Woo Casino
Woo Casino drew a formal warning to Dama N.V. in March 2025, the second Dama N.V. action that month alongside the Spirit Casino warning in May 2025. Dama N.V. is by some distance the most-warned operator on the ACMA’s published list, and Woo is the most recent of its warnings in 2025.
Nothing in the public record ties Woo Casino to Lightning Link specifically. The brand sits inside the prohibited offering for Australian residents.
Spirit Casino
Spirit Casino’s formal warning to Dama N.V. in May 2025 sits close to the Woo Casino warning in March 2025, and the two together describe the operator’s continuing activity despite the earlier 2022 actions. The ACMA’s enforcement is iterative; a warning that fails to take the service off the Australian market is followed by another warning, and eventually by blocking directions.
National Casino
The July 2025 formal warning to Consolutetish S.R.L. covers National Casino alongside Bizzo Casino. The aggregator listings that reference National Casino do so as a category entry on en.wikipedia.org’s gambling-in-Australia material rather than as a licensed Lightning Link host. The brand is on record as a prohibited service.
Bizzo Casino
Bizzo’s record is two-layered. Consolutetish S.R.L. drew a July 2025 warning over Bizzo alongside National Casino, and an earlier 2022 warning over Bizzo was addressed to TechSolutions Group. The brand changed corporate hands under the same warning pattern — a common shape when the previous operator sells to a new one and the service continues.
The earlier warning does not close the file on a brand; the ACMA’s later action is the relevant one, and Bizzo has a current warning. Nothing in the public record ties Bizzo to Lightning Link specifically.
Ignition Casino
The July 2025 formal warning to Bamboo Media over Ignition Casino is the action on record. Ignition is one of the longer-running offshore skins aimed at the Australian market, and the warning is the ACMA’s published statement that the offering is prohibited.
The brand sits on the table because the ACMA named it, not because it offers Lightning Link. None of the public record does.
Instant Casino
EOD Code SRL drew a formal warning over Instant Casino in February 2025, before several of the others on this list. Instant Casino is one of the brands that markets aggressively through affiliate pages using bonus and promo code language; the warning stands regardless of how the offer is described.
Jackbit
Ryker B.V. drew a formal warning in April 2026 covering Jackbit and CasinOK. Jackbit is one of the more recent ACMA actions on the list and is included in the April 2026 round alongside other blocking activity. Nothing in the public record attaches Jackbit to Lightning Link specifically.
Casino Intense
Sterplay Holding Ltd drew a formal warning in April 2025 over Casino Intense. The listings-only entry on the subject for this brand draws on third-party references that include general gambling-industry coverage, the ACMA’s own publication, and Crown Melbourne’s site (the latter as a venue-floor reference, not an endorsement). The brand sits inside the prohibited service category.
Sky Crown
The Hollycorn N.V. formal warning over Sky Crown and Blue Leo is dated to the ACMA’s September 2022 publication and is the longest-standing warning on this list. Hollycorn N.V. has run several skins through the same warning pattern, and Sky Crown is among them.
The verdict on all eleven is the same: each is on the ACMA’s published warning register for offering a prohibited service to Australian residents, and none of them offers Lightning Link in a form an Australian-licensed venue would recognise. The choice the ACMA’s record leaves a reader is between the licensed venue floor — where Lightning Link is the cabinet format licensed state by state — and an offshore site that the ACMA has named as prohibited.
Why the comparison stops being a comparison at the licensing line
A ranking of online pokies sites presupposes that the offering is licensable somewhere and that the comparison is among licensors. For Lightning Link online pokies aimed at Australian residents, that presupposition does not hold. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits the offering in the first place, and the ACMA’s record is the public list of operators it has warned for making it. A ranking among them is a ranking inside a prohibited category.
The comparison that does hold is between licensed channels and the prohibited offering. Land-based venues are licensed state by state, with separate regulators setting the minimum return-to-player and the rules for each jurisdiction — 85 per cent in New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland and (generally) Victoria (87 per cent at Crown Melbourne), 87 per cent in the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, 87.5 per cent in South Australia, and 90 per cent in Western Australia. New South Wales had 87,298 gaming machines outside casinos across 2,195 venues in June 2023, with player losses of A$8.18 billion in 2022-23; Queensland had 21,122 machines across 351 venues in October 2023; Victoria’s 26,380 outside Crown Casino sits under a 30,000 statewide cap.
Online wagering on races and sport placed before the event is licensed, in practice through the NTRWC in the Northern Territory, with Sportsbet, Bet365 and Ladbrokes among the 52 operators on its register. That is the legal shape of online gambling for an Australian resident. Casino games and online pokies are not on it.
H2 Gambling Capital’s 2025 estimate puts Australian losses to illegal gambling sites at about A$3.9 billion a year, with the share of gambling going through legal channels falling from 74 per cent in 2021 to 64 per cent. The fall is a number the offshore offering has produced, and it sits alongside the ACMA’s enforcement record rather than apart from it. As of the round covered in June 2026, a total of 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites had been blocked since the first blocking request in November 2019, and more than 230 unlicensed gambling services had left the Australian market since enforcement was strengthened in 2017. The June 2026 round alone asked ISPs to block 12 more sites: 7Signs, ChromaBet, Donbet, Duospin, Freshbet, Slots Gem, Jacks Club, Lucky Start, Pointsbetz.com, Spinrise, Vinyl Casino and Wildsino.
The blocking rate that produces those totals — calculated against the November 2019 first request and the running total reported by the ACMA in June 2026 — comes out at a working band of roughly 250 to 280 sites blocked per year on average, with the running total building through rounds like the 12-site June 2026 addition. The figure is an average across more than six years of enforcement, and the rate has varied year by year; some rounds have asked ISPs to block five sites, others more than twenty. The figure is best read as a band rather than as a single number, because the ACMA publishes the cumulative total rather than a per-year rate, and the per-year rate the total implies depends on which two reporting dates the reader pins it to.
What an Australian reader’s options actually look like
A Lightning Link session at a licensed venue — a club, a casino, a pub with the relevant state authorisation — is the product’s intended home. The format’s hold-and-spin mechanic, its four jackpot tiers, and its themed reel sets are designed for that setting. Western Australia banned poker machines in pubs and clubs when Crown Perth opened in 1985; Crown Perth’s own machine count has grown from about 200 in 1985 to roughly 2,500 today, all approved by the state’s Gaming and Wagering Commission. Tasmania ended Federal Group’s monopoly over its poker machines in November 2021, moving oversight to the Tasmanian Liquor and Gaming Commission. New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland each run their own regulatory frame.
An online session at an Australian-licensed wagering operator is licensed for racing, sport and selected other products; casino games and pokies are not part of the licensed offering. A bet on a race, a sport outcome, or a pre-event market with one of the NTRWC’s 52 operators is the legal online shape of the activity.
An offshore site is the third option. The ACMA’s published record is the public description of that option — eleven brands on this list, more on its register, all offering a prohibited service. A punter with a balance on a site the ACMA has warned sits on a site that can be blocked at the ISP level with that balance still there.
The choice that the ACMA’s record leaves a reader is between the licensed venue floor and the licensed wagering channels on the one hand, and the prohibited offshore offering on the other. The choice the prohibited offering tries to obscure is the licensing line itself: a “Lightning Link casino” search returns pages that read as if the offering were a product with comparable options, and the licensing line is the only thing that makes the comparison illegible.
Frequently asked questions about Lightning Link online pokies in Australia
Is it legal to play Lightning Link online pokies for real money in Australia?
No. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits the supply of online casino games and online pokies to people in Australia, and no state or territory licenses them. Any site claiming to offer Lightning Link for real money to an Australian resident is offering a prohibited service, and the operator is the target of the law. The punter is not prosecuted, but has no consumer protection if a withdrawal stalls.
What triggers the hold-and-spin bonus round on a Lightning Link machine?
Six or more bonus symbols — pearl, lantern, gold coin or diamond icons, depending on the theme — landing anywhere on the reels during the base game. The triggering symbols lock in place, three re-spins are awarded, and any new bonus symbol that lands resets the re-spin counter to three. The bonus ends after three consecutive spins with no new symbol.
Is Lightning Link available at regulated land-based venues in Australia?
Yes. Lightning Link is a cabinet format licensed for venue floors state by state in Australia. New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory each regulate their own venues. Western Australia bans the machines outside Crown Perth, which holds its own approved count of around 2,500.
Do Lightning Link promo codes work the same way across different cabinet themes?
In a venue, the cabinet is the cabinet regardless of theme — Happy Lantern, Magic Pearl, Sahara Gold and the others share the same hold-and-spin mechanic and the same jackpot structure. “Promo codes” associated with the Lightning Link name online are affiliate-side tokens that unlock an offer on an offshore site, and the bonus the code unlocks is set by the operator rather than by Aristocrat’s cabinet mathematics.
Does a Lightning Link app on a phone offer a different game to the desktop version?
A licensed Lightning Link product is a venue-floor cabinet. Aristocrat’s official social-casino app uses credits rather than cash and has no payout function. Anything labelled a Lightning Link casino app that takes a deposit, offers a real-money bonus, or advertises a withdrawal function is not the licensed product, and the operator is offering a prohibited service under the Interactive Gambling Act 2001.
What separates the different Lightning Link reel sets from each other?
The theme — Happy Lantern, Magic Pearl, Heart Throb, Sahara Gold, Bengal Treasures, High Roller — sets the art, the bonus symbol and the bonus naming. The mechanic is shared: five reels, fifty paylines, stacked symbols, a free-spins feature, and a hold-and-spin bonus with the same re-spin rule across the line. The four fixed jackpot tiers — Mini, Minor, Major and Grand — are common to every theme.
